is bangladesh a compact state

The Bengal Sultan after 1534 allowed the Portuguese to create several settlements at Chitagoong, Satgaon,[81] Hughli, Bandel, and Dhaka. The Muslim festivals of Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Milad un Nabi, Muharram, Chand Raat, Shab-e-Barat; the Hindu festivals of Durga Puja, Janmashtami and Rath Yatra; the Buddhist festival of Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, and Christian festival of Christmas are national holidays in Bangladesh and see the most widespread celebrations in the country. Other tribal languages include Garo, Meitei, Kokborok and Rakhine. The Bangladeshi press is diverse, outspoken and privately owned. [101] In 1929, the All Bengal Tenants Association was formed in the Bengal Legislative Council to counter the influence of the Hindu landed gentry, and the Indian Independence and Pakistan Movements strengthened during the early 20th century. Other libraries established in the British period included the Victoria Public Library, Natore (1901), the Sirajganj Public Library (1882), the Rajshahi Public Library (1884), the Comilla Birchandra Library (1885), the Shah Makhdum Institute Public Library, Rajshahi (1891), the Noakhali Town Hall Public Library (1896), the Prize Memorial Library, Sylhet (1897), the Chittagong Municipality Public Library (1904) and the Varendra Research Library (1910). M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Other cultural festivals include Nabonno, and Poush Parbon both of which are Bengali harvest festivals. [327] It hosts many Urdu-speaking immigrants, who migrated there after the partition of India. Muhammad Yunus successfully pioneered microfinance as a sustainable tool for poverty alleviation and others followed suit. The Northbrook Hall Public Library was established in Dhaka in 1882 in honour of Lord Northbrook, the Governor-General. Begum Rokeya and Faizunnessa Chowdhurani played an important role in emancipating Bengali Muslim women from purdah, prior to the country's division, as well as promoting girls' education. The use of Urdu became controversial during the Bengali Language Movement, when the people of East Bengal resisted attempts to impose Urdu as the main official language. [39][40] The term gained official status during the Sultanate of Bengal in the 14th century. The Chakma language is another native Eastern Indo-Aryan language of Bangladesh. Bengali literature is a millennium-old tradition; the Charyapadas are the earliest examples of Bengali poetry. East Bengal's plantation economy was important to the British Empire, particularly its jute and tea. After the Partition of India in 1947, the two nascent countries of India and Pakistan each faced the difficult task of nation-state consolidation; however, Pakistan's problem was exacerbated by the fact that it had been geographically divided even further with its East and West sections "separated by over 1000 miles of Indian territory" 1.The emergence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh … [141], The constituent assembly adopted the constitution of Bangladesh on 4 November 1972, establishing a secular, multiparty parliamentary democracy. In 2018 the active personnel strength of the Bangladesh Army was around 157,500,[211] excluding the Air Force and the Navy (24,000). The zamindar gentry in Bangladesh built numerous Indo-Saracenic palaces and country mansions, such as the Ahsan Manzil, Tajhat Palace, Dighapatia Palace, Puthia Rajbari and Natore Rajbari. Another challenge is low cost recovery due to low tariffs and poor economic efficiency, especially in urban areas (where water revenue does not cover operating costs). Huq was succeeded by Khawaja Nazimuddin, who grappled with the effects of the Burma Campaign, the Bengal famine of 1943, which killed up to 3 million people,[102] and the Quit India movement. Christmas is a public holiday. [214][215] Most of Bangladesh's military equipment comes from China. The busiest, Shahjalal International Airport connects Dhaka with major destinations. The Jatiya Sangshad (National Assembly) is the unicameral parliament. Japan is Bangladesh's largest economic-aid provider in the form of loans and the countries have common political goals. The American multinational corporation Chevron produces 50 percent of Bangladesh's natural gas. [341] Bangladesh has the fourth-largest Muslim population in the world, and is the third-largest Muslim-majority country (after Indonesia and Pakistan). The subsequent military regime and BNP and Jatiya Party governments restored free markets and promoted the country's private sector. [247][248] In 2018, Bangladesh came under heavy criticism for its repressive Digital Security Act which threatened freedom of speech. [326], Bangladesh is home to a significant Ismaili community. [351] The country has 47 public,[349] 105 private[352] and two international universities; Bangladesh National University has the largest enrollment, and the University of Dhaka (established in 1921) is the oldest. [61][70] The eastern part of Bengal was globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding,[21] and it was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, saltpeter, and agricultural and industrial produce in the world. [109] The first constituent assembly was dissolved in 1954; this was challenged by its East Bengali speaker, Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan. [98] In comparison, Japan saw its first railway in 1872. The severity of the flooding was attributed to unusually high monsoon rains, the shedding of equally unusually large amounts of melt water from the Himalayas, and the widespread cutting down of trees (that would have intercepted rain water) for firewood or animal husbandry. [293] Bangladesh's defense industry includes the Bangladesh Ordnance Factories and the Khulna Shipyard. Bangladesh Television (BTV) is the state-owned television network. In response to growing Hindu nationalism, the All India Muslim League was formed in Dhaka during the 1906 All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. [155] The election was also observed by European Union observers.[156]. Bengali broadcasts from Voice of America are also very popular. In 1977, the army chief Ziaur Rahman became president. Modern Bangladesh has produced many of South Asia's leading painters, including SM Sultan, Mohammad Kibria, Shahabuddin Ahmed, Kanak Chanpa Chakma, Kafil Ahmed, Saifuddin Ahmed, Qayyum Chowdhury, Rashid Choudhury, Quamrul Hassan, Rafiqun Nabi and Syed Jahangir, among others. [49][50] The oldest inscription in Bangladesh was found in Mahasthangarh and dates from the 3rd century BCE. [203] The Proclamation of Independence enunciated the values of "equality, human dignity and social justice". [360][361], Healthcare facilities in Bangladesh are considered less than adequate, although they have improved as poverty levels have decreased significantly. [384] The Jatra is the most popular form of Bengali folk theatre. In 1615, the Portuguese Navy defeated a joint Dutch East India Company and Arakanese fleet near the coast of Chittagong. The British government reorganised the provinces in 1912, reuniting East and West Bengal and making Assam a second province. [200], The Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act was enacted in 1995. Rangpur Division (Bengali: রংপুর) became Bangladesh's seventh division on January 25, 2010. In Chittagong, Mezban feasts are a popular tradition featuring the serving of hot beef curry. [260] The Hill Tracts region remains heavily militarised, despite a peace treaty with indigenous people forged by the United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. [113] In 1966, Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman announced a six-point movement for a federal parliamentary democracy. The cinema of Bangladesh dates back to 1898, when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dhaka. The population is relatively young, with 34 percent aged 15 or younger and five percent 65 or older. The drafter of the constitution in 1972, Dr. Kamal Hossain, was influenced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [249] Alam was featured in the 2018 Time Person of the Year issue. [86] It alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports outside the European continent. According to senior World Bank officials, Pakistan practised extensive economic discrimination against East Pakistan: greater government spending on West Pakistan, financial transfers from East to West Pakistan, the use of East Pakistan's foreign-exchange surpluses to finance West Pakistani imports, and refusal by the central government to release funds allocated to East Pakistan because the previous spending had been under budget;[114] though East Pakistan generated 70 percent of Pakistan's export revenue with its jute and tea. Asian University for Women in Chittagong is the preeminent South Asian liberal-arts university for women, representing 14 Asian countries; its faculty hails from notable academic institutions in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia and the Middle East. The President is elected by the parliament and has a five-year term. Construction of cross dams has induced a natural accretion of silt, creating new land. The pharmaceutical industry meets 97 percent of domestic demand, and exports to many countries. [207] The parliament is presided over by the Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad, who is second in line to the president as per the constitution. [110] The Pakistani government built the controversial Kaptai Dam, displacing the Chakma people from their indigenous homeland in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Registered nurses without permanent residency in an eNLC state who wish to practice in one should apply for a single state license in the state in which they wish to practice. The economy is driven by strong domestic demand.[278]. [217], The first major intergovernmental organisation joined by Bangladesh was the Commonwealth of Nations in 1972. Tanvir Mokammel, Mostofa Sarwar Farooki, Humayun Ahmed, Alamgir Kabir, and Chashi Nazrul Islam are some of the prominent directors of Bangladeshi cinema. Bangladesh has a number of airports including three international and several domestic STOL (short takeoff and landing) airports. Rice preparations also include Bengali biryanis, pulaos, and khichuris. The annual Ekushey Book Fair and Dhaka Literature Festival, organised by the Bangla Academy, are among the largest literary festivals in South Asia. Poland is an example of a compact state. [51], Greek and Roman records of the ancient Gangaridai Kingdom, which (according to legend) deterred the invasion of Alexander the Great, are linked to the fort city in Wari-Bateshwar. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several unions, with each union consisting of multiple villages. [251] According to the British Economist Intelligence Unit, the country has a hybrid regime: the third of four rankings in its Democracy Index. The Anglo-Mughal War was witnessed in 1686.[87][88]. It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by Sikkim, in the north, respectively. [189][190], Bangladesh ratified the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 3 May 1994. [366], Bangladesh's poor health conditions are attributed to the lack of healthcare provision by the government. [citation needed] The Arakan region was brought under Bengali hegemony. In more recent times, award-winning architects like Rafiq Azam have set the course of contemporary architecture by adopting influences from the works of Islam and Kahn. The country joined the United Nations in 1974, and has been elected twice to the UN Security Council. Ancient Bengal was initially occupied by the Austroasiatics, Tibeto-Burmans, Dravidians, and Indo-Aryans in successive waves of migration and main urban settlements were established during the Iron Age to… In Sep 2018, Bangladesh Government approved Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, a combination of long-term strategies and subsequent interventions for ensuring long-term water and food security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. [163] Years of collaboration with donors and global experts in water resources management has enabled Bangladesh to formulate strategies to combat the impacts of climate change. [205] The President of Bangladesh is the ceremonial head of state[206] whose powers include signing bills passed by parliament into law. Modern Standard Bengali emerged as the lingua franca of the region. In 2008, Bangladeshi female workforce participation stood at 26%. [318], Estimates of the Bangladeshi population vary, but UN data suggests 161,376,708 (162.9 million) in 2017. [199], Several animals became extinct in Bangladesh during the last century, including the one-horned and two-horned rhinoceros and common peafowl. Official Seal of the Government of Bangladesh, sand­wich­ing of text between two im­ages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh, Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council, Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training, Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Abdul Latif Mirza v. Government of Bangladesh, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association, Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council, United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh, Biotechnology and genetic engineering in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987, Bengali Language Implementation Act of 1987, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace University, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Bangladesh women's national football team, Bangladesh national under-15 football team, Federation of Film Societies of Bangladesh, "HC orders govt to announce 'Joy Bangla' as national slogan in three months", "Bangladesh 2015 International Religious Freedom Report", "South Asia :: Bangladesh — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency", "Bangladesh Geography 2020, CIA World Factbook", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020", "Bangladesh Population (2020) - Worldometer", Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution, "The most (and least) culturally diverse countries in the world", "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population", "A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy", "Rohingya Refugee Crisis Has Bangladesh, UN Calling for Help | Voice of America – English", "Bangladesh, India Most Threatened by Climate Change, Risk Study Finds", "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2020", "Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D.

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