eastern cottontail population

They may use the dens of groundhogs as a temporary home or during heavy snow. [3] Further summary of diseases and pests is available. In Pennsylvania, the chief predator of eastern cottontails is the great horned owl. Despite that, they have one blind spot which is located right in front of their nose. This species bears a close resemblance to the eastern cottontail, which has been introduced in much of the New England cottontail home range. One way to reduce the potential for damage caused by rabbits is to remove potential places that rabbits might take cover. State Ranking Justification. In New York the breeding season occurs from February to September, in Connecticut from mid-March to mid-September. [12][13] Weight can range from 1.8 to 4.4 lb (800 to 2,000 g), with an average of around 2.6 lb (1,200 g). It is the most common rabbit species in North America. (ed.). Hearing an incoming predator before they get close enough to attack is the primary defense mechanism of cottontail rabbits. Eastern cottontails typically inhabit one home range throughout their lifetime, but home range shifts in response to vegetation changes and weather are common. The … [11][20], Reproductive maturity occurs at about two to three months of age. [10], Most nest holes are constructed in grasslands (including hayfields). As a result, cottontails are often abundant in suburban and urban areas, where their feeding habits sometimes lead to conflicts with property owners. Its range expanded north as forests were cleared by settlers. Wainright, Larry C. (1969). During the dormant season, or when green vegetation is covered with snow, they consume twigs, buds, and bark of woody vegetation. They are very hard to tell apart from the eastern cottontail. [4] In the mid-1960s, the eastern cottontail was introduced to northern Italy, where it displayed a rapid territorial expansion and increase in population density. The eastern cottontail has a wide distribution and is found throughout most of the eastern United States. Left to their own devices, cottontails overpopulate, leading to overgrazing, disturbing gardens to the point of destruction, a high risk of disease, and out-competing other species who need the same habitats. Cottontails do not dig burrows, but rather rest in a form, a shallow, scratched-out depression in a clump of grass or under brush. Females do not stay in the nest with the young but return to the opening of the nest to nurse, usually twice a day. Eastern cottontails usually move only short distances, and they may remain sitting very still for up to 15 minutes at a time. Eastern cottontail rabbits reside throughout the eastern United States and parts of Canada and Mexico. Leporids including eastern cottontails are coprophagous, producing two types of fecal pellets, one of which is consumed. )-juniper (Juniperus spp.) In some areas of their range, these rabbits are threatened by livestock competition and collisions with automobiles. [25], Recognized subspecies of Sylvilagus floridanus[1]. Its underside fur is white. [3], The nest is a slanting hole dug in soft soil and lined with vegetation and white fur from the mother's underside. Common name: Eastern Cottontail Rabbit (Information for this Species Page was derived in part from research gathered by Edward Lee for Biology 220W in Spring 2000 at Penn State New Kensington) The eastern cottontail rabbit is one of the most common mammals of both the natural and the human generated ecosystems of North America. They are seldom found in deep woods. [18], Eastern cottontails are crepuscular to nocturnal feeders; although they usually spend most of the daylight hours resting in shallow depressions under vegetative cover or other shelter, they can be seen at any time of day. So why are the meadows and forests of the eastern United States not literally hopping with rabbits and toads? Males fight each other to establish dominance hierarchy and mating priority. Population The rabbit population in 2019 is not as large as it was in the past. The New England cottontail’s population has fallen in recent years as its preferred habitat – young forest and shrubland – has dwindled throughout the species’ range. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41299A45191626.en, "Mortality and population density of cottontail rabbits at Ross Natural History Resevation, Lyon County, Kansas", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_cottontail&oldid=994161031, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 December 2020, at 11:12. ), corvids (Corvus spp. Hellgren, Eric C.; Vaughan, Michael R. (1988). The eastern cottontail rabbit is a midsize rabbit that generally resides throughout eastern North America, from Canada to Mexico. Eastern cottontails prefer open grassy areas, clearings, and meadows supporting abundant green grasses and herbs, with shrubs in the area or edges for cover. [3] Originally, it was not found in New England, but it has been introduced and now competes for habitat there with the native New England cottontail. [7] In New England, eastern cottontail home ranges average 1.4 acres (0.57 hectares) for adult males and 1.2 acres (0.49 hectares) for adult females but vary in size from 0.5 to 40 acres (0.20 to 16.19 hectares), depending on season, habitat quality, and individual. To escape predation Eastern cottontails will run fast in a zig-zag pattern, move low to the ground with their ears laid back to avoid detection or will freeze and stay motionless. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List. … 2. Most species are a little over a foot long, and weigh just a few pounds.These rabbits have moderately long ears, though not as long as those of jackrabbits or hares, and large round eyes. A healthy cottontail rabbit population leads to a robust food chain. Control. When chased, they run in a zigzag pattern, reaching up to 18 mph (29 km/h). Eastern cottontails are polygynous meaning that males mate with more than one female. However, most are brown, tan, or grey, in color, and relatively small. In Vermont, snow cover limits the distribution and densities of the cottontail population. Litters usually disperse at about 7 weeks and reproductive maturity occurs at about 2 to 3 months of age. The primary reason for this decline is loss of good habitat. In summer, they consume fruits and tender green herbaceous vegetation when it is available such as clovers, crabgrasses, alfalfa, bluegrasses, quackgrass, crabgrasses, redtop, plantains, chickweed, and dandelion. ... Human hunters and wild dogs represent additional predators of the cottontail bunny. [7] Eastern cottontails do not dig their own dens (other than nest holes) but use burrows dug by other species such as woodchucks. At two weeks … Densities of eastern and Midwestern populations may reach 8-10 cottontails per ha (2.5 per acre) in optimal habitat. Food items include bark, twigs, leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, grass seeds, sedge fruits, and rush seeds. [7] Habitat parameters important for eastern cottontails in ponderosa pine, mixed species, and pinyon (Pinus spp. It is chunky, red-brown, or gray-brown in appearance, with large hind feet, long ears, and a short, fluffy white tail. Temperature rather than diet has been suggested as a primary factor controlling onset of breeding; many studies correlate severe weather with delays in the onset of breeding. The eastern cottontail is easily recognized by its brown upper parts and fuzzy white cotton ball-like tail. Historically, the highest populations have been in the Knobs/Outer Bluegrass Region and the Eastern Coalfields. The distribution and abundance of young forest habitat and NEC populations have declined. The eastern cottontail breeding season begins later with higher latitudes and elevations. The peak period of highway mortality is in spring (March through May); roadside vegetation greens up before adjacent fields and is highly attractive to eastern cottontails. But since … It is well-adapted to live in close proximity to humans, and suburban yards can provide ample habitat, with food and cover to support a family of cottontails. In many areas Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratense) and Canada bluegrass (P. compressa) are important dietary components. ), and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). They are only reliably identified by genetic testing of tissue, by fecal samples, or by examining morphological skull characteristics. [6] In Connecticut, important winter foods include gray birch (Betula populifolia), red maple, and smooth sumac (Rhus glabra). Eastern cottontails are herbivores (graminivores, folivores, frugivores); their diet is varied and largely dependent on availability. However, more recent changes in intensity of agriculture, which have reduced the amount and size of areas of suitable habitat, have contributed to a decline in eastern cottontail populations [ 1 , 25 ]. While this would suggest areas with cottontail rabbits would be overrun by them, but this isn't the case. A comparison of skull characteristics or DNA analysis are the most reliable ways to distinguish between the two species. [11], Eastern cottontails are hosts to fleas, ticks, lice, cestodes, nematodes, trematodes, gray flesh fly larvae, botfly larvae, tularemia, shopes fibroma, torticollis, and cutaneous streptothricosis. Cottontail rabbits are year-round residents in Pennsylvania. Chapman, Joseph A.; Hockman, J. Gregory; Edwards, William R. (1982). The eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) is a New World cottontail rabbit, a member of the family Leporidae. A healthy Eastern Cottontail population density should be around three to five rabbits per acre, kept in check by their natural predators. DISCUSSION After reviewing studies already conducted and examining expected simulations on the Eastern cottontail rabbit populations, it is concluded that harvesting annually is necessary and desirable. The female tends to be heavier, although the sexes broadly overlap in size. This rabbit is medium-sized, measuring 36–48 cm (14–19 in) in total length, including a small tail that averages 5.3 cm (2.1 in). Pr… In fact, the eastern cottontail is the most abundant of the nine species of cottontail rabbits found in the U.S. Their eyes begin to open in 4-7 days. They are also found in swamps and marshes and usually avoid dense and deep woods. Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)Description & Range: Cottontail rabbits are small animals with speckled brown fur, which fades to white underneath. It is abundant in Midwest North America, and has been found in New Mexico and Arizona. Each year about 80 percent of the Minnesota's cottontail population dies from weather, predators, or disease. ... Population Status. Population Density and Habitat Use of the Introduced Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Compared to the Native European Hare (Lepus europaeus) Sandro Bertolino1,*, Aurelio Perrone2, Laura Gola3, and Ramona Viterbi4 1DIVAPRA (Department of Protection and Exploitation of Agricultural Resources) Entomology and Zoology, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy 2Wildlife Science, … Eastern cottontails prefer open brushy or forest-border cover. “The eastern cottontail population is large and thriving, so while they may take an overall hit, they won’t be decimated because their population is so high,” Wojick said. The largest ranges are occupied by adult males during the breeding season. A wild population of eastern cottontails typically contains a large number of individuals aged one year or less and is thus almost always on the verge of a population explosion. [3], Predators that take nestlings include raccoon, badger (Taxidea taxus), skunks (Mephitis and Spilogale spp. ), chickweed (Stellaria media), and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). The redigestion of pellets greatly increases the nutritional value of dietary items. Regarding predators , it’s a hard-knock life for a cottontail. Rabbits have almost a 360-degree vision and are able to see behind them. Most New England cottontails now occur on small ... made by the New England Cottontail Technical Committee Population Management Working Group, which includes representatives from all involved states in the range of New England cottontails, the Service, the Roger … ), raccoon (Procyon lotor), mink (M. vison), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), hawks (principally Buteo spp. Halting the decline of scrub and brushland habitat is paramount, as is identifying potential habitat free of competing eastern cottontail to which New England Adult specimens from the Florida Museum of Natural History, collected in Florida, have a mean weight of 2.244 lb (1,018 g). [3], During the dormant season, or when green vegetation is covered with snow, eastern cottontails consume twigs, buds, and bark of woody vegetation. [9][11], The eastern cottontail is chunky, red-brown or gray-brown in appearance, with large hind feet, long ears, and a short, fluffy white tail. True to their reputation, cottontails have a high reproductive rate, with some females raising up to seven litters per year. DEC is requesting that rabbit hunters in Wildlife Management Units in Rensselaer, Columbia, Dutchess, Putnam, and Westchester counties contact us to learn how they can submit the heads of rabbits they harvest … Eastern cottontail habitat is found in valley farmland regions where fields and pastures are interspersed with hedgerows and low, dense brush. In Alabama the breeding season begins in January. Missouri's landscaped yards provide excellent habitat for the eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus). and crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.). But the eastern cottontail population remains stable since these rabbits breed several times a year and have plenty of babies, called kits, in each litter. Fun Facts for Kids Eastern cottontails are named for their short and fluffy tails that look like cotton. The average measurements are: length 7.09 in (18 cm), width 4.9 in (12 cm), and depth 4.71 in (12 cm). eastern cottontails will also have black blazes. The eastern cottontail can be found in meadows and shrubby areas in the eastern and south-central United States, southern Canada, eastern Mexico, Central America and northernmost South America. [19] Other favored species include clovers (Trifolium spp.) In Georgia the breeding season lasts nine months and in Texas breeding occurs year-round. Trace amounts of eastern cottontail remains have been detected in black bear (Ursus americanus) scat. Its range expanded north as forests were cleared by settlers. The annual productivity of females may be as high as 35 young. The cause of the decline has been the loss of … Currently, this species is classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List and its numbers today are decreasing. Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) History and Status Description The eastern cottontail is the most well-known and most widely distributed rab-bit in North Carolina. Although Eastern cottontails are not currently threatened they suffer from changes in their habitat, predation, and hunting pressure. Population densities are highest when there is suitable habitat at a sufficient scale, typi-cally consisting of a patchwork of farmland and … [16] Meanwhile, 346 adult cottontails from Michigan were found to have averaged 3.186 lb (1,445 g) in mass. [7] Eastern cottontails probably use woody cover more during the winter, particularly in areas where cover is provided by herbaceous vegetation in summer. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Game, Fish and Parks. Average depth of nest holes is 5 in (13 cm), average width 5 in (13 cm), and average length 7 in (18 cm). It may use the dens of groundhogs as a temporary home or during heavy snow. Young begin to move out of the nest for short trips by 12 to 16 days and are completely weaned and independent by 4 to 5 weeks. [11], The onset of breeding varies between populations and within populations from year to year. The New England Cottontail is difficult to tell apart from the more common Eastern Cottontail, unless the rabbit is captured. Originally, it was not found in New England, but it has been introduced and now competes for habitat there with the native New England cottontail. The New England cottontail, Sylvilagus transitionalis, is the rabbit species native to the New England area. The more aquatic marsh rabbit (also known as a canecutter, or bluetail), though similar in size, can be distinguished from the eastern cottontail by its darker brown upper parts, and the bluish-gray coloration of its tail. 35–43 in: Nowak, Ronald M.; Paradiso, John L. (1983). In 2017, an eastern cottontail population was detected in Maine for the first time, on Badger’s Island in Kittery. [9] There is a preference for small material: branches, twigs, and stems up to 0.25 in (0.64 cm). Females can have 1 to 7 litters of 1 to 12 young, in a year; however, they average 3 to 4 litters per year, and the average number of kits is 5. They are also found in swamps and marshes and usually avoid dense woods. Eastern cottontails are crepuscular to nocturnal feeders and although they usually spend most of the daylight hours resting in their forms, they can be seen at any time of day. This type of habitat has become fragmented across the region and today occurs in small patches subdivided by roads, development, and non-suitable habitats, including forests and fields. They are most active when visibility is limited, such as rainy or foggy nights. The nest is lined with grass and fur. Eastern cottontails also consume many domestic crops. ), and snakes. "Seasonal food habits of black bears in Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia – North Carolina". A majority of females first breed the spring following birth; but 10% to 36% of females breed as juveniles (i.e., summer of the year they were born). Helping the cottontail The New England cottontail is the subject of research and habitat management in New York and the New England states. Wildlife biologist and professor at the University of Washington, Aaron Wirsing, is an expert on the growing rabbit population. Due to their often large populations in Eastern North America, they form a major component of several predators' diets. The cottontail prefers an area where it can hide quickly but be out in the open. It hops when running, because its hind legs are longer than its front legs. In Iowa most nests were within 70 yd (64 m) of brush cover in herbaceous vegetation at least 4 in (10 cm) tall. The IUCN Red List and other sources don’t provide the number of the Eastern cottontail total population size. It sports a white or light brown spot on the forehead. Cottontail populations have declined over the past fifty years or so. The IUCN Red List and other sources don’t provide the number of the Eastern cottontail total population size. ), plantains (Plantago spp. [9], The eastern cottontail has to contend with many predators, both natural and introduced. for 75 years. They are usually found in and around farms including fields, pastures, open woods, thickets associated with fencerows, wooded thickets, forest edges, and suburban areas with adequate food and cover. woodlands include woody debris, herbaceous and shrubby understories, and patchiness. [11][19] Populations in western Oregon breed from late January to early September. The speedy rabbit zooms into the nearby woods, easily escaping the potential predator. An eastern cottontail rabbit darts out of the bushes, zigging and zagging to throw the surprised fox off of its trail. [21] In central Missouri, eastern cottontails comprised the majority of biomass in the diet of red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) during the nesting season. There is a rusty patch on the tail. Average longevity is 15 months in the wild; the longest-lived wild individual on record was five years old. [8] Daily activity is usually restricted to 10% to 20% of the overall home range. Though not much is known about this cottontail’s distribution across the state, it is thought that the movement of cottontails by people and habitat fragmentation has negatively impacted the population statewide. There are several species of cottontail rabbit, but the eastern cottontail is the most common. Range and Distribution The eastern cottontail is the most wide-ly distributed species of North American ... three species of rabbits in North Carolina. The eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) is a New World cottontail rabbit, a member of the family Leporidae. [21], Annual adult survival is estimated at 20%. The body is lighter in color with a white underside on the tail. [6] In Connecticut important summer foods include clovers, alfalfa, timothy (Phleum pratense), bluegrasses (Poa spp. The New England cottontail (NEC) Sylvilagus transitionalis is strongly associated with shrubland and early successional habitat and is the only cottontail native to the U.S. Northeast. [3], The eastern cottontail home range is roughly circular in uniform habitats. The eastern cottontail can be found in meadows and shrubby areas in the eastern and south-central United States, southern Canada, eastern Mexico, Central America and northernmost South America. [11] Eastern cottontails are most active when visibility is limited, such as rainy or foggy nights. Female rabbits can have one to seven litters of one to twelve young, called kits, in a year; however, they average three to four litters per year, and the average number of kits is five. Description. It is the most common rabbit species in North America. Eastern cottontails are solitary and very territorial animals. “The Eastern Cottontail is a real habitat generalist, very adaptable, including in human modified environments,” Wirsing said. Nests are also constructed in thickets, orchards, and scrubby woods. Habitat and Diet: … For three consecutive winters, we used classic field ecology methods (mark-recapture and … They are associated with human-wildlife conflict due to vegetation damage. Scientists typically perform genetic testing on rabbit scat (droppings) to determine which species are present. • The eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus, is present in all 120 Kentucky counties. Natural predators, such as coyotes, foxes, birds of prey, … … https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/eastern-cottontail-rabbit If you see a rabbit in Virginia, chances are that it is an eastern cottontail. About half of the eastern cottontail population shows a white, star-like shape on the forehead, while New England cottontails do not exhibit this trait. Eastern cottontails eat vegetation almost exclusively; arthropods have occasionally been found in pellets. Some individuals have a small white blaze on the forehead. Females construct their nests alone; these are slanting holes dug in soft soil and lined with vegetation and white fur from their underside. Fun facts. More typically, a female will raise four litters between March and September, with an average of five young per litter. The young are weaned w… "Effects of prescribed fire on furbearers in the South", pp. "A literature review on cottontail reproduction". It has a distinct 2-inch-diameter white tail. [3] In winter when deciduous plants are bare eastern cottontails forage in less secure cover and travel greater distances. Eastern cottontails do not dig burrows, but rather rest in a form, a shallow, scratched-out depression in a clump of grass or under brush. They are active year-round and do not hibernate. [9] In Florida slash pine flatwoods, eastern cottontails use low saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens) patches for cover within grassy areas. The cottontail rabbit is a long-eared, small- to medium-sized mammal of the family Leporidae. Forests, swamps, thickets, bushes, or open areas where shelter is close by are optimal habitation sites for this species. The … (1963). When chased, it runs in a zigzag pattern, running up to 18 mph (29 km/h). The body is lighter color with a white underside on the tail. Eastern cottontail - WikiMili, The Free Encyclopedia - WikiMili, The Free Encyclopedia. Typically eastern cottontails occupy habitats in and around farms including fields, pastures, open woods, thickets associated with fencerows, wooded thickets, forest edges, and suburban areas with adequate food and cover. Females have their litters in grass-lined, surface or subterranean nest cavities. Special Report 19. It has large brown eyes and large ears to see and listen for danger. [23] A major cause of eastern cottontail mortality is collision with automobiles. [11][19] In New England female eastern cottontails have three or four litters per year. (1981). Cottontail rabbits play … Since, a few additional eastern cottontails have been documented in Maine, so their population is likely to expand in the future. ), mink, weasels, fishers, bobcats, foxes, coyotes, and wolves (Minnesota DNR 2020). The kits develop the same coloring after a few weeks, but they also have a white blaze that goes down their forehead; this marking eventually disappears. Cottontails are rarely come out of their burrows to feed on windy days because the wind interferes with their hearing capabilities. The composition and structure of a community of Eimeria was investigated in a population of Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) introduced into Italy.Eight Eimeria species were found, of which all but 1 had North American origins and were presumably introduced into Italy together with imported cottontails. It is abundant in Midwest North America, and has been found in New Mexico and Arizona. Eastern cottontails are active year-round. The eastern cottontail (EC) Sylvilagus floridanus was introduced into the U.S. Northeast in the early 1900s and uses similar habitat … [21] In the Southwest cottontails including eastern cottontail comprise 7 to 25% of the diets of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). 121–128 in: Wood, Gene W. "Cottontails: Komarek, Roy. Cottontails are nervous animals that may die of shock if handled or caged. It is the most common rabbit species in Virginia, and is found in every county of the Commonwealth. ), coyote (C. latrans), bobcat (Lynx rufus), weasels (Mustela spp. The kits develop the same coloring after a few weeks, but they also have a white blaze that goes down their forehead; this marking eventually disappears. Nests in hayfields were in vegetation less than 8 in (20 cm) tall. [24], Juvenile eastern cottontails are rare in the diet of short-eared owls (Asio flammeus). Communication - Cottontails employ a mixture of visual, chemical, tactile, vocal, and mechanical cues in social interactions. Its underside fur is white. The IUCN Red List and other sources don’t provide the number of the Appalachian cottontail total population size. Remove brush piles, weed patches, stone piles and other debris, and keep grass cut short. [3] Eastern cottontails usually move only short distances, and they may remain sitting very still for up to 15 minutes at a time. [6] The essential components of eastern cottontail habitat are an abundance of well-distributed escape cover (dense shrubs) interspersed with more open foraging areas such as grasslands and pastures. The success of cottontails in spreading microparasites is probably related to their massive release for … A healthy Eastern Cottontail population density should be around three to five rabbits per acre, kept in check by their natural predators. [22] Some studies list as many as 70[22] to 145 plant species in local diets. Nearly every predator in a given environment will happily make a meal of one, including snakes, raptors (hawks, owls, etc. [21] Males will mate with more than one female. The cottontail bunny is a midsize rabbit and a herbivore, and female cottontails average three to four litters per year. [17], The eastern cottontail is a very territorial animal. In Texas, eastern cottontails are preyed on by coyotes more heavily in early spring and in fall than in summer or winter. There are 20 different species in the Sylvilagus genus, and each of these rabbits is slightly different. They are abundant in Midwest North America and have been found in New Mexico and Arizona. effects of predation, competition with eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus), and viability due to small population sizes (USFWS 2015). Cottontails will also turn the food with their nose to find the cleanest part of the vegetation (free of sand and inedible parts) to begin their meal. [5], Optimal eastern cottontail habitat includes open grassy areas, clearings, and old fields supporting abundant green grasses and herbs, with shrubs in the area or edges for cover. Prior to this study, population dynamics of this species in urban environments remained largely uncharacterized. Eastern cottontails can be found in the eastern and south-central United States, southern Canada, eastern Mexico, Central America, and northernmost South America. The population is sustainable and stabilized at 142,216 individuals after 30 years. Captive eastern cottontails have lived to at least nine years of age. There is a rusty patch on the tail. Eastern Cottontail on The IUCN Red List site -, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_cottontail, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41299/45191626. New England cottontails are slightly smaller and have smaller ears that are black-edged. While they may venture into the open, they usually don’t go far from brushy or dense, weedy cover. [8], Eastern cottontails forage in open areas and use brush piles, stone walls with shrubs around them, herbaceous and shrubby plants, and burrows or dens for escape cover, shelter, and resting cover.

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